The post that I found that inspired me to make this one had some 틀린 띄어쓰기 and didn't explain in enough detail for me.
So here's more detail.
Please note, all the English "translations" are approximations, I'm sure there's a situation out there somewhere, in the infinite spawn of language, where all of these can be translated as something that isn't listed here. Use the descriptions to learn what this crap means, you nerds.
In this post, "descriptive verbs" will be referred to as "adjectives", (형용사).
Check the end for some more bonus notes.
Without further ado...
~어/아/여도 : even, even if, even though, but, yet
Naver: [-아도] [-어도] [-여도] - "가정이나 양보의 뜻을 나타내는 연결 어미."
Daum: [-아도] [-어도] [-여도] - "앞 절의 사실을 양보하여 가정하나 그것이 뒤 절의 내용에는 아무런 상관이 없음을 나타내는 말"
Summary: "This connective ending admits or concedes the supposition or feeling of the first clause, and indicates that the actions or happenings of the following clause have little to no relation to the first."
"-아/어도 indicates that the situation in the second clause occurs regardless of the action or state described in the first clause." (Korean Grammar in Use, Beginner, pg. 257)
- Can attach to both verbs and adjectives, (동사 / 형용사)
- Any sentence type can follow in the second clause. (평서문, 의문문, 청유문, 등)
- For 이다 and 아니다, it works like so:
이다 --> 이라도, 이어도 (여도)
아니다 --> 아니라도, 아니어도
- "아니여도" is incorrect. "아니어도" is the proper spelling.
- See also ~더라도
크게 말해도 할머니가 못 들으셔요.
저는 바빠도 아침을 꼭 챙겨 먹어요.
아무리 이를 닦아도 입 냄새가 난다.
~(ㄴ/는)다고 해도 : it's just a stronger ~아/어/여도
- In the same way "하면" can be intensified into "하다(고) 하면", or "한다(고) 하면", you can also have "~(ㄴ/는)다(고) 해도".
- Can also be used literally as the quotation that it is.
- Can attach to both verbs and adjectives (동사, 형용사)
- Any sentence type can follow in the second clause. (평서문, 의문문, 청유문, 등)
"혹시나 그대 돌아온다 해도 두 번 다시 속지 않으리"
- from the song "슬픔보다 더 슬픈 이야기" by 김범수
~더라도 : even if, even though, even supposing that,
Naver: [-더라도] - "가정이나 양보의 뜻을 나타내는 연결 어미. ‘-어도’보다 그 뜻이 강하다."*
Daum: [-더라도] - "뒤 절이 앞 절의 내용에 매이지 않도록 어떤 일이나 상황을 가정하여 양보하는 뜻을 나타내는 말"
Summary: "This connective ending acknowledges or supposes the first clause as being possible, but unrelated or unconnected to the events or statements of the second clause. Also just a stronger `~도`."
"This expression is used to indicate that while the speaker acknowledges and accepts the possibility of the content in the preceding clause, it does not have any effect on the content in the following clause. The preceding clause consists of a simple hypothetical statement or a statement acknowledging some present situation. This expression is commonly used together with 아무리." (Korean Grammar In Use, Advanced, pg. 98)
- "Most of the time, the
retrospective sense of the -더- is completely bleached out and this
pattern serves simply as a colloquial and/or more intense equivalent of
just -어도" - (koreangrammaticalforms)
* This is also in the Naver Dictionary entry, it says: "A stronger form of -아/어/여도".
- Can attach to both verbs and adjectives (동사, 형용사)
- Any sentence type can follow in the second clause. (평서문, 의문문, 청유문, 등)
--> See also [-는데도 vs -더라도]
무슨 일이 있더라도 올해 안으로 일을 마쳐야 한다. (Naver)
이 일은 누가 하더라도 이보다 더 잘할 수는 없다. (Naver)
괴로우시더라도 좀 참고 기다려 주십시오. (Daum)
그 당시만 하더라도 우리집은 무척 가난했었다. (Daum)
~(ㄴ/는)다고 하더라도 : it's just a stronger ~더라도
"'A+다고 하더라도, V+ㄴ/는다고 하더라도'는 어떤 일이 있다고 가정해도 다른 일에 영향을 미치지 못하거나 관계가 없음을 나타낸다." (이화 Korean 5 (2012), pg. 74)
- In the same way "해도" can be intensified into "하다(고) 해도", or "한다(고) 해도", you can also have "~(ㄴ/는)다(고) 하더라도".
- Can also be used literally as the quotation that it is.
- Can attach to both verbs and adjectives (동사, 형용사)
- Any sentence type can follow in the second clause. (평서문, 의문문, 청유문, 등)
아무리 힘들다고 하더라도 끝까지 호기하지 말아야 한다. (이화 Korean 5)
설령 그 사람이 굉장한 부자라고 하더라도 나는 그 사람과 사귈 생각이 없다. (이화 Korean 5)
~는데도 : even though, although, despite
Naver English Dictionary: [-는데도] - ""though, although, in spite of, despite, with all"
"This expression is a combination of -(으)ㄴ/는데,
which describes the situation under discussion, and -아/어[/여]도, which
indicates concession or contrast. Thus, the expression is used to
introduce a clause that indicates an opposite or unexpected state of
affairs when compared to the information given in the preceding clause."
(Korean Grammar In Use, Intermediate, pg. 49)
- Essentially a stronger and less versatile version of the infamous "~는데", emphasis on the "less versatile".
While "~는데" can be used to, for lack of a better term, "introduce topics" (A: "이거 좋은 건가요?", B: "며칠 전에 해 봤는데 좋더라고요."), as well as showing contrast (A: "밥 먹었어요?", B: "아직 안 먹었는데 배가 안 고파요."). "~는데도", however, cannot be used in the first situation.
- The emphasis of this grammar point is introducing one situation, fact, truth, "state of affairs", or what-have-you, and then giving an opposite, opposing, or even contrarian "state of affairs", differing from what would expect given the information or precedent.
- Can come after anything, (동사, 형용사)
- Any sentence type can follow in the second clause. (평서문, 의문문, 청유문, 등)
--> See also this Tumblr post I found that explains the difference pretty well. [-는데도 vs -더라도]
시험이 임박했는데도 그는 놀고만 있다. (Naver)
제가 친구한테 밥을 먹으라고 했는데도 그 친구는 빵을 대신 먹었다.
친하게 지내려고 먼저 말을 걸어 봤는데도 걔는 모르는 척만 하더라.
돈을 아끼려고 버스를 탔는데도 결국 남는 게 하나도 없더라고요.
~고도 : and still, even after, despite ~
Naver: [-고도] - "어떠한 사실이나 느낌을 나타내면서, 뒤이어 이에 상반되거나 또 다른 특성이 있음을 나타내는 연결 어미."
Daum: [-고도] - "어떠한 사실이나 느낌을 나타내면서 뒤이어 이에 상반되거나 또 다른 특성이 있음을 나타내는 말."
"뒤의 내용이 앞의 사실에 상반됨을 나타낸다." (이화 Korean 4 (2001), pg. 112)
Summary: "Expresses the existence of an opposing or otherwise different characteristic / property / quality."
"This expression is used to indicate that some unexpected action or situation occurs in the following clause after the completion of the action in the preceding clause." (Korean Grammar In Use, Advanced, pg. 162)
- Possibly the best explanation for this one would be that it's "AND????" or maybe "AND STILL????". For example in the sentences: "He went and checked for himself, AND HE STILL won't believe me!?", or "You ate all that AND you STILL want more?".
- This differs from a simple "~도" or "~더라도" because it is less about the hypothetical or possible situation in the first clause, and more about there existing or arising an actual "unexpected or contradicting action or situation".
- Can attach to both verbs and adjectives. (동사, 형용사). KGIU Advanced mentions that it can only attach to verbs. This is not the case! (Note the first 예문, is on both Naver and Daum dictionaries.)
- Cannot be followed by imperatives (명령문) or suggestions (청유문), these types of sentences cannot "express the existence" of anything
- When following 이다 or 아니다 (meaning: when a noun is involved), it takes on a meaning analogous to "~면서도". (바보고도 (바보이고도) // 공주 아니고도)
This one was really confusing me for a rather long time until I invested the time to write this, so we're gonna have a ton of example sentences.
슬프고도 아름다운 이야기 (Naver)
졸고도 졸지 않은 체하다 (Naver)
오시고도 연락을 안 하셨다니 섭섭합니다. (Naver)
직접 눈으로 확인하고도 아직도 못 믿겠단 말이에요? - "So what you're saying is... You saw it with your own two eyes and you STILL don't believe me!?!?" (KGIU Adv.)
돈이 있으면 뭐든지 살 수 있다고들 하지만 돈을 주고도 살 수 없는 것이 있다. (KGIU Adv.)
화상 회의를 통해 각지에 흩어져 있는 지사장들이 한 자리에 모이지 않고도 긴급한 안건을 논의할 수 있게 되었다. (KGIU Adv.)
선풍기를 틀고 자고도 죽지 않았다. - "Despite sleeping with a fan on, I didn't die."
그렇게 먹고도 아직도 배가 고프니? - "You still want more, even after eating all of that?" / "You ate all that and you still want more!?"
하루종일 자고도 왠일인지 참 피곤하다. - "Even though I slept all day, I am tired as heck."
~어/아 봤자 : even if, supposing that
Naver: [-았자] [-였자] - "‘앞말이 나타내는 행동이나 상태가 이루어지더라도’의 뜻을 나타내는 어미. 대체로 뒤에는 부정적인 내용이 이어진다."
Daum: [-았자] [-었자] [-였자] asdf - "앞 절에 나타난 행동이나 상태가 이루어지더라도 기대한 것과는 다른 결과가 뒤따름을 나타내는 말"
Summary: "Even if the actions or situations in the first clause were to come to fruition, something different from what is expected would arise. Usually has a negative connotation."
"앞의 행위를 해도 소용이 없음을 나타낸다." (이화 Korean 4 (2001), pg. 74)
Summary: "This grammar means, even if you do the aforementioned action, there's no use!"
"This expression is used to indicate that there's no use even trying what is stated in the preceding clause or that doing so would not live up to expectations. It is used to refer to something that has not occurred yet as a form of supposition." (Korean Grammar In Use, Intermediate, pg. 360)
- Realistically, only follows 하다 or ~아/어/여 보다 (aux verb), but ... I guess can technically follow even stuff like 이다 and 아니다, if Daum Dictionary and the solitary Korean person I asked and are to be trusted.
- This grammar point is very much about the lack of "use" existing.
It's very often, if not usually followed by the phrase: "소용 없다".
아무리 골라 보았자 그게 그것이다. (Naver)그렇게 해 봤자 소용없어. (Naver)네가 아무리 그래 보았자 나를 이길 수는 없어. (Daum)그렇게 살을 빼려고 노력해 봤자 너 같은 놈을 대체 누가 좋아해 주겠어?
대학 합격하려고 그렇게 노력해 봤자 취직도 어려운 상황인데...
~나 마나 : even if, whether or not, regardless of whether, never mind
Naver: [-나 11 (def. 2)] [-으나] - "여러 가지 중에서 어느 것을 선택해도 상관없음을 나타내는 연결 어미."
Daum: [-나 14 (2)] [-으나 (2)] - "상대되는 동작이나 상태를 나열하여 그것들이 뒤 절의 내용에 모두 해당됨을 나타내는 말."
"This expression is used when doing the preceding action is of no value [or] use. In other words, the result would be the same regardless of whether the action is performed. When stated, the result is expressed as a strong, almost definite supposition. The strong supposition is generally based on general common sense knowledge or on the consideration of someone's usual or habitual actions. This expression is used with verbs only." (Korean Grammar In Use, Intermediate, pg. 356)
- There is a space between ~나 and 마나. This is the proper spacing, the National Institute of the Korean Language says so.
- Yes, you can use 이다 after it, as well as stick another clause after it, or do both (see example sentence 1 and 3). It's hella 릿.
- Now you can understand your Twice memes: "사나 없이 사나 마나"
저녁에 비가 올 거래요. 비가 오면 세차를 하나 마나니까 나중에 하세요. (KGIU Int.)
이 시간에는 가 보나 마나 가게 문을 닫았을 텐데 내일 가는 게 어때요? (KGIU Int.)
약은 시간에 맞춰서 먹지 않으면 먹으나 마나예요. [...] (KGIU Int.)
이 책은 제목을 보니까 읽으나 마나 재미 없을 것 같아요. (KGIU Int.)
술 마시지 말라고 얘기를 하나 마나 내 말을 안 들을 거야. (Ohmykorean)
~(으)ㄹ지라도 : even though, even if, although, however, no matter (who, what, whom), regardless of, never mind
Naver: [-ㄹ지라도] - "앞 절의 사실을 인정하면서 그에 구애받지 않는 사실을 이어 말할 때에 쓰는 연결 어미. 어떤 미래의 일에 대하여 ‘그렇다고 가정하더라도’의 뜻을 나타낸다."
Daum: [-ㄹ지라도] - "어떤 일을 양보하여 가정하나 그것이 뒤 절의 내용에 구속되지 않음을 나타내는 말"
"This expression is used when indicating that even if one acknowledges or hypothesizes the situation or state of affairs described in the preceding clause, the situation in the following clause either won't be affected by it, or the opposite result will occur. It is used when emphasizing the meaning of the following clause over the preceding clause and is often used together with the word 비록 or 아무리." (Korean Grammar In Use, Advanced, pg. 101)
- This "even" is all about future tense and hypothetical situations. Moreso than the others.
- Can come after anything, (동사, 형용사)
- Any sentence type can follow in the second clause. (평서문, 의문문, 청유문, 등)
경기에 질지라도 정당하게 싸워야 한다. (Naver)
그는 힘은 약할지라도 기술이 좋다. (Naver)
그것이 비록 꾸며 낸 이야기일지라도 아이들에게 교훈이 될 것이다. (Naver)
마음에 걱정이 있을지라도 내색하지 마라. (Naver)
내가 비록 먼저 떠날지라도 너희들은 싸우지 말고 사이좋게 지내라. (Daum)
그 집 식구들은 경제적으로는 가난할지라도 마음만은 부자이다. (Daum)
아무리 갖고 싶을지라도 남의 것을 훔치면 안 된다. (Daum)
저 아이는 몸은 비록 작을지라도 품은 뜻은 크다. (Daum)
~기는 하지만 / ~기는 ~지만 : despite, even though
"This
expression of contrast can be expressed with two forms: -기는 하지만 and -기는
-지만. Note that the latter form uses the same verb or adjective twice.
The expression is used when the speaker recognizes or acknowledges the
content of the first clause but then wants to express a different view
or stance in the following clause." (Korean Grammar In Use, Intermediate, pg. 42)
"This grammar pattern is used to support the positive statement in the
first clause but it describes the opposite statement in the second
clause. The subject in the first clause and the second clause is usually
the same." (Oh My Korean!)
Those English explanations don't quite explain that this grammar form stresses that while yes, the subject is or does whatever "~" is, but it does not fulfill that role in a satisfactory way.
In English we often express this sentiment with phrases along the lines of: "Well it DOES do ~ BUT ..." or "While it IS ~, it's ..."
- Can come after anything, (동사, 형용사)
- Often shortened in speech to "~긴 하지만" or "~긴 ~지만"
- I think that this grammar point sticks out a bit from the rest of the
list, and I don't really think if I had compiled this list on my own
that it'd be in here. It was in the original post so we're gonna throw
it in here too.
Check the bonus notes at the bottom for an alternative form of this grammar point.
제 집은 편하기는 하지만 회사에서 좀 멀어요. (Oh My Korean!)
저는 수영을 배우기는 했지만 잘 못해요. (Oh My Korean!)
종이로 배를 만들면 뜨긴 뜨지만 곧 가라앉는다 (mujjingun)
케이크도 맛있기는 맛있지만, 나는 평범한 빵이 더 좋더라.
애플 제품에 관한 문화가 싫기는 싫지만, 아이폰 쓰는 게 훨씬 더 편하더라.
~다고 (해서) : even if, "just because ~ doesn't mean ~"
Naver: [-다고] [-ㄴ다고] [-는다고] [-라고] - "앞 절의 일을 뒤 절 일의 까닭이나 근거로 듦을 나타내는 연결 어미"
Summary: "This connective verb ending expresses that the first clause is the grounds or reason for the second clause."
So that explanation doesn't... really say anything. How is it differentiated from any other "because", "since", "due to" sort of connective verb ending?
Let's look at this example sentence from Naver:
그 녀석 선생님한테 야단을 맞았다고 학교엘 안 가겠답니다.
This is just a simple, connective verb ending, and doesn't seem to be all too special as one of the fifty billion "because"s that are out there.
However, this verb ending is used most often to express a kind of "yeah, okay, whatever... but..." sort of meaning.
Taking a look at this sentence.
"작다고 귀여운 게 아니야!"
"Just because you're small doesn't mean you're cute!"
It's actually not that complicated! Here's some more sentences.
"스무 살 되었다고 술맛을 알겠니?"
"젊은이가 뭘 한다고 그렇게 피곤하냐!?"
"농구를 잘한다고 축구를 잘한다는 보장은 없어요."
~ㄴ들 : even if, even though,
Naver: [-ㄴ들] [-은들] - "‘-ㄴ다고 할지라도’의 뜻을 나타내는 연결 어미. 어떤 조건을 양보하여 인정한다고 하여도 그 결과로서 기대되는 내용이 부정됨을 나타낸다."
Naver: [-던들] - "‘-었으면’의 뜻을 나타내는 연결 어미."
Daum: [] [] [] asdf
Daum: [] [] [] asdf
--> [Here's a link to wonderful post by my long lost twin Scribblebees, who goes into much more depth about ~ㄴ들 than I cover here.] <--
- By dictionary definition, "~던들" is literally the same as saying "~었/았/였으면"
- No additional snarky comments for this one, just go read Scribbles' post ^_^
고추가 매운들 시집살이보다 더 매울까?
선생님이 떠나신들 설마 우리를 잊으시겠니?
물이 맑은들 낚시에 무슨 도움이 될까? (Naver)
~(ㄴ/는)다고 한들
So, you can also "~다고 한들", just like all those other stronger versions up there.
So that's also a thing.
~ㄹ망정 and ~ㄹ지언정
no fuck this
BONUS / ADVANCED NOTES?????
--> ~아/어/여도 <--
Nuances of -라도 and -어도 are different, e.g. "빵이라도 좀 먹어!" and "빵이어도 좀 먹어!".
I asked a native to give me an idea of the feelings and here's what I got.
(Obligatory: The spacing in the following chat log is not all correct)
<친구> 빵이라도 좀 먹어는 뭘 안먹어서 굶은사람한테 뭐좀 먹으라고 권유하는 느낌이고요
<친구> 빵이어도 좀 먹어 는 빵이 싫은사람한테 먹을게 없으니 싫어도 먹어 라는 느낌이랄[까]요
<친구> 묘하게 다른
<친구> 뿌잉뿌잉
--> ~아/어/여도 <--
This is where the grammar point of "~도 되다" comes from. "~도 되다" is saying
that EVEN (도) if you do whatever ~ is, it does the 되다ing, it's okay, it's good.
This is "can" as in "may", not "can" as in "able to do".
1. 말 편하게 하셔도 돼요. ("Just 반말 my shit up, fam.")
2. 밥 더 해 줄 테니까 지금 먹어도 돼. (You can eat now, since I'm making more.)
3. 그거는 몰라도 되는 거야 ("You ain't gotta know, bruh.")
--> ~ 봤자 <--
For 봤자, it's actually 보다 + "~았자". This is where it gets weird, and possibly very confusing. Naver has listings for "~았자" and "~였자" in their dictionary. Meaning we could have "~아/어/여 봤자" or "했자" and "하였자". Daum's Dictionary, on the other hand, has listings for both of those AND a listing for "~었자".
집안일은 아무리 열심히 하였자 티도 나지 않는다. (Naver)
뱁새 다리가 길었자 황새 다리만 하겠는가 (Daum)
--> ~기는 ~지만 <--
A similar form replaces ~지만 with ~ㄴ/는데.
Since ㄴ/는데 changes between verbs and adjectives, this gives our grammar here a lot of forms it can take on:
- ~기는 한데 // ~기는 하는데
- ~기는 ~ㄴ데 // ~기는 ~는데
This
a similar meaning/nuance to how in English we might stress: "Well...
it's GOOD... but...". Similarly in Korean we can say "좋긴 한데..." or "좋긴
좋은데...".
Or,
say, perhaps someone was speaking too fast in Korean and you're just
some 초보자 loser who doesn't know what's going on. They ask you for your
opinion, but you got yourself no idea. Instead of telling them,
"Uh..........", you can tell them "듣기는 들었는데 ... 한국어 서툴러서 무슨 말인지 잘 모르겠어요..."
- The difference between the two is the same as the difference between ~지만 and ~는데.
I don't really have anything to close this post out with.
Random external links for stuff I may or may not have hyperlinked in the post:
-고도 http://mykoreanramblings.com/2014/11/16/and-yet-still-고도/
-고도 http://ohmykorean.com/?p=77
-고도 http://hansuuki.tumblr.com/post/154912891742/고도
-는데도 vs -더라도 http://koreangrumblings.tumblr.com/post/143509699506/는데도-vs-더라도
-(으)나 마나 http://ohmykorean.com/?p=2284
-봤자 and (으)나 마나 http://www.language.berkeley.edu/korean/10/lesson19/19_grammar_only.htm
Inspiration for this post:
http://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=elguapo81&logNo=20158927088
